Showing posts with label SOFA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label SOFA. Show all posts

8/13/2011

US mulls over permanent base in Iraq

US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen


Πηγή: PressTV
By Hassan Hanizadeh
Thu Aug 4, 2011 9:33PM GMT

The unexpected trip by the US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen to Baghdad led to an about-face on the part of the Iraqi statesmen on the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the two sides.

Mullen spoke during the visit with the Iraqi political leaders about the security accord's destiny.

The visit was followed by the Sunni, Kurd and secular Iraqi parties' announcing their tacit agreement with the extension of the agreement in a meeting with Iraqi President Jalal al-Talabani.

The parties tasked Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki with drafting a bill on the matter and submitting it to the Iraqi parliament for ratification.

The four-star general insisted on the 'need' for prolonging the accord and granting the Iraq-based US soldiers immunity from legal prosecution.

Washington asked Maliki's government to extend SOFA for another year.

Based on the agreement's previous terms, the forces are scheduled to withdraw by the end of 2011.

The 47,000-plus troopers, who are currently deployed on the Iraqi soil, are slated to carry out a gradual pullout.

Washington's desire for continued deployment there runs counter to its paying great human and financial expenses for the presence.

After occupying the country in 2003, the US would spend USD 5,000 every second for the 165,000 forces it had stationed there.

World's military and economic experts estimate that the expenses from the US military presence in Iraq over the past eight years have reached above USD 1,400 trillion in aggregate.

The supernumerary costs have added up to Washington's debt to the foreigners. This, in turn, has inevitably spread dissatisfaction across the American society.

The question now is why the US is insistent upon keeping up the presence despite the costs.

For sure, the recent developments in the Arab world, the fall of the Tunisian and Egyptian dictators and the prospect of change in the configuration of the Persian Gulf Arab regimes would affect the US decision to remain in Iraq.

The changes, which have so far taken place, are definitely not in the interests of the US and the Israeli regime. Washington is, therefore, seriously concerned about the upheavals.

The crisis in the tiny island of Bahrain has compelled the US to seek a new location for its Fifth Fleet.

From the perspective of the US, Iraq, having passed the stage of the Arab uprisings, will enjoy greater stability in the future compared to other small Persian Gulf states.

The US, thus, suspects that the wave of Arab uprisings might spread over to the Persian Gulf states in the next year and this wave might lead to the toppling of the Arab dictatorial regimes of the Persian Gulf.

The replacement of Iraq as the location for the Fifth Fleet of the United States is one of the objectives of the US in the extending of the Baghdad-Washington security pact.

America's other objective from remaining in Iraq is the physical elimination of the anti-US Shia movements in Iraq and the reinforcement of secular and laic parties in this country.

The US sees the anti-US Shia movements as an obstacle to the realization of its aims in Iraq and therefore intends to eliminate the principlist Shia parties from the political and military scene of Iraq.

The elimination of the Shia parties in Iraq will grant the US more freedom in performing political and military maneuvers against the independent and non-compliant countries with the US around Iraq.

The collection of these rapid regional developments and the possibility of the eruption of further change in the region have impelled the US to persist in staying in Iraq.

Instrumental use of the MKO terrorists in Camp Ashraf against the interests of the regional countries is a segment of the US strategy in remaining in Iraq.

Thus, it seems if the Baghdad-Washington security agreement is extended for another year, Iraq's political and military scenes would definitely witness fresh tensions.

The intensification of conflicts between Iraq's Shia parties and the US forces will turn Iraq's internal scene to the stage for the confrontation of this country's political strata with the US forces.

These confrontations will certainly spill over to Iraq's neighboring countries because the occurrence of any instability in Iraq will have its consequences on the neighbors of this country.

Therefore, on the one hand, the US is pressurizing the Nouri al-Maliki government to extend the Baghdad-Washington security pact and on the other hand, is practically stepping towards the elimination of resistant Iraqi parties.

What is certain is that not only does the continued presence of US forces in Iraq not help the establishment of security in this country, but it will also impact the future security of the countries around Iraq.

8/09/2011

Iraq, U.S. and SOFA: Legal Immunity or Illegal Impunity?



Πηγή: WN


"The American pact is nothing but humiliation to the Iraqis. This is against the interest and the sovereignty of the Iraq people and no none should put himself in a position to sign it...such a pact with the Americans who destroyed Iraq since 1991 and killed millions of its children by two wars and 12 years of barbaric sanction followed by occupation, such a pact is nothing but an aggression not against Iraq alone but against Islam and other Muslims." -Hammorabi, an Iraqi blogger protesting against SOFA and U.S. military occupation, 2008.(1)

Despite a clear majority of Iraqis (and Americans) who for years have wanted United States occupation forces to leave their country, commanders and officials in the Pentagon and United States are desperately trying to hammer out an agreement for a continued military presence past the December 31 departure date of this year. By using bribes, pay-offs for "collateral damage", threats and extortion, and by manipulating the media, it appears the U.S. Military-Industrial Complex just might get its way in permanently stationing up to 10,000 U.S. troops in Iraq, forever and with "legal immunity." But for both Iraqis and Americans, should it not really be considered "illegal impunity?"

Over one-hundred treaties exist between the United States, or the "sending state," and nations where it bases military forces, or the "host nation." This arrangement is called the status of forces agreement (SOFA). SOFA specifies the conditions under which the host nation assumes jurisdiction to prosecute U.S. military personnel for criminal offenses. The Pentagon and U.S. Government considers its military personnel stationed abroad to be representatives of their sovereign power and thus, protected with sovereign immunity from host nation criminal prosecutions. If a host nation believes a soldier has committed a crime, under SOFA the soldier is either expelled or tried by the U.S. military.

For six decades, the Pentagon and U.S. have carefully crafted SOFAs in such a way to give its soldiers broad immunity from prosecution for crimes committed against innocent civilians and environmental damage created.(2) Through a process of invasion-occupation-colonization, broad immunity (impunity?) for U.S. forces was imposed. These unequal treaties allowed for a continued presence of U.S. "standing armies."(3) After America's preemptive war and occupation of Iraq, dozens of "enduring camps" became permanent fixtures in Iraq. Hundreds of military posts and air fields, covering 15-20 square miles and built on lands seized from Iraqis, waste billions of dollars and pollute the environment.(4)

U.S. SOFA agreements have also eliminated sovereignty for both Iraqis and Americans who have to pay for expensive military outposts. For Americans, SOFAs are completely controlled by the Pentagon and president without significant input from Congressional representatives which are elected by the people.(5) For Iraqis and other host nations, numerous examples abound how U.S. troops escaped accountability from such crimes as rape, murder and torture.(6) The Pentagon's rules of engagement in Iraq were so erratic and often irrelevant that most soldiers and Marines said it was accepted policy to ignore them and shoot if they felt threatened.(7)

Since World War II, tens of thousands of innocent civilians have been killed in many countries by U.S. military occupation forces and their heavily fortified checkpoints, botched military raids, armed convoys, and illegal detentions. SOFA has made compulsory subjective rights and foreign norms causing thousands of retaliatory attacks. SOFA has also undermined the principles of American ideals. By placing SOFA under the Executive Branch, by quartering large bodies of troops in foreign nations, by funding a professional standing "mercenary" army-which colonists despised, and by making the Military superior to Civil Power, the Declaration of Independence and Constitution has been subverted.

While SOFA treaties make American representative democracy seem hypocritical, like to those in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, such agreements will, and have, come to haunt U.S. citizens. Commanders-In-Chief act with impunity, as does the Pentagon that "defines" who the enemy is-right or wrong, and then "assigns" to kill the enemy-right or wrong.(8) This kind of delusional and pathological governance is destructive and implosive. It may be cost-effective for a number of years to exploit the resources of a colony or manufacture an enemy, but the rising tide of nationalism and the demand for self-determination eventually make the price of trying to maintain control too high.(9)

Iraq's Muslim cleric Muqtada al-Sadr and dozens of other groups, all with millions of followers, have made it their mission to drive U.S. military troops from Iraq. At the same time, SOFA in Iraq has escalated tensions with Iran, Russia and China. Meanwhile, the cost of weapons and of maintaining a military empire-through SOFA-requires internal repression of freedom and the draining of valuable resources needed for domestic prosperity.(10) As America moves towards divesting more and more of its much needed social and infrastructure services, mainly due to SOFAs and its wars, Hammorabi's words of grief and protests will soon be applicable to Americans, if not already so.

Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)

(Dallas Darling is the author of Politics 501: An A-Z Reading on Conscientious Political Thought and Action, Some Nations Above God: 52 Weekly Reflections On Modern-Day Imperialism, Militarism, And Consumerism in the Context of John's Apocalyptic Vision, and The Other Side Of Christianity: Reflections on Faith, Politics, Spirituality, History, and Peace. He is a correspondent for www.worldnews.com. You can read more of Dallas' writings at www.beverlydarling.com and wn.com//dallasdarling.)

(1) Otterman, Michael, Richard Hil and Paul Wilson. Erasing Iraq: The Human Costs Of Carnage. New York, New York: Pluto Press, 2010., p. 39.

(2) Lutz, Catherin. The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle Against U.S. Military Posts. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 2009., p. 13.

(3) Ibid., p. 50.

(4) Ibid., p. 134.

(5) Ibid., p. 141.

(6) See Catherine Lutz The Bases of Empire and Chapter on "Geopolitical Conditions of Okinawa in U.S. Military Strategies", p. 244-253.

(7) Hedges, Chris and Laila Al-Arian. Collateral Damage: America's War Against Iraq Civilians. New York, New York: Nation Books, 2008., p. 39.

(8) Keen, Sam. Faces Of The Enemy: Reflections Of The Hostile Imagination. New York, New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1986., p. 12.

(9) Ibid., p. 165.

(10) Ibid., p. 165.