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"Europe’s Response to the Arab Awakening"
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO EU AUTHORITIES: “Time is of the essence”, as the saying goes, particularly valid these days when appraising the momentous developments unfolding in North Africa since the outbreak of the “Arab Spring”. But, recognizing immediate short-term urgenciesto be tackled lest theArab revolt wilts whilst ignoring a longer-term vision will precipitate an outcome contrary to the aspirations of the people and detrimental to a new Euro-Mediterranean foundation.
This monograph presents a case study of the efforts of the United States government in helping Greece to defeat its Communist insurgency in the late 1940s. The United States conducted a foreign internal defense mission, providing the Greeks economic and military aid, plus civilian and military advisors.This monograph centers on the military advice that the United States provided to the Greek military during the period 1947-1949. It begins by reviewing the build-up of the Greek Civil War and the events that lead to the United States' involvement in that conflict. The paper then examines the major campaigns of the war and how political and military events impacted on the outcome of those campaigns. The monograph then concludes with recommendations for operational artists involved in future.
Η επώδυνη προώθηση της Δημοκρατίας και της Ελεύθερης Αγοράς στα πρώην κομμουνιστικά κράτη και οι στρατιωτικές επεμβάσεις των ΗΠΑ κατά την μεταψυχροπολεμική περίοδο, έγιναν με την χρήση προπαγάνδας, η οποία αποτελεί μια προέκταση του Political Warfare (PW) που έχει τις ρίζες του στο τέλος του Β! Παγκόσμιου πόλεμου. Στο παρόν άρθρο εξετάζεται πώς μέσα σε αυτήν την διαδικασία εντάχθηκαν οι διάφορες ΜΚΟ (Μη κυβερνητικές οργανώσεις), o αμφιλεγόμενος ρόλος τους και σε μερικές περιπτώσεις η διπρόσωπη στάση τους. Οι πρόσφατες στρατιωτικές επεμβάσεις των ΗΠΑ με διάφορα προσχήματα όπως η επιτελούμενη γενοκτονία (Γιουγκοσλαβία), τα όπλα μαζικής καταστροφής (Ιράκ) και η τρομοκρατία (Αφγανιστάν), αποτελούν μια εξέλιξη που δημιουργεί πίσω της ασταθή κράτη, τα οποία έχουν κάποια κοινά χαρακτηριστικά: Τις παραστρατιωτικές ομάδες, τους ενεργειακούς κόμβους, τις στρατιωτικές βάσεις και το οργανωμένο έγκλημα. Τέλος κάνοντας μια αναδρομή σε αυτά τα γεγονότα, θα εξετάσουμε το πώς εμπλέκονται τα Βαλκάνια σε αυτήν την διαδικασία και στην συνέχεια ποια είναι η πιθανή μελλοντική κατάσταση στην Ελλάδα, εν όψη της παταγώδους αποτυχίας της Μεταπολίτευσης και της πρόσφατης, επακόλουθης χρεωκοπίας της χώρας.
"Turkey's Nationalist Course" (Rand Publication)
The partnership between the United States and Turkey has become strained in recent years because U.S. and Turkish interests and assessments of various challenges are not as aligned as they once were, and significant disagreements have emerged on policies to address several of these challenges. Differences over dealing with Syria and the Kurdish question, tensions concerning Turkey’s relations with its neighbors, an escalating terrorism threat, and U.S. concerns about the authoritarian drift in Turkish politics under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have combined to constrain cooperation and under-mine mutual confidence. Compounding tensions are several thorny bilateral problems, including:
•The continued presence in the United States of Fethullah Gülen, a self-exiled leader of a Sufi Islamic movement that Turkish authorities contend is a terrorist organization that masterminded a failed July 2016 military coup d’état
•Ankara’s purchase of Russian-made S-400 air and missile defense systems
•Turkey’s arrests of American and European nationals on questionable terrorism charges
•The U.S. trial of a gold trader accused of orchestrating a large money-laundering scheme designed to circumvent sanctions against Iran in coordination with senior officials in the Turkish government.
Anti-American sentiment in Turkey has deepened, as have doubts in Turkey about the reliability of the U.S. commitment to Turkey’s stability and security—both exacerbated by inflammatory statements by Erdoğan and other Turkish leaders.
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